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6 - Discursive representations of ‘invisible migrants’ in British social media
- Edited by Carole Murphy, St Mary's University, Twickenham, London, Runa Lazzarino, University of Oxford and Middlesex University, London
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- Book:
- Modern Slavery and Human Trafficking
- Published by:
- Bristol University Press
- Published online:
- 20 June 2023
- Print publication:
- 06 December 2022, pp 113-129
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Summary
Introduction
Human trafficking and undocumented migration are closely intertwined. Although the two phenomena have different political implications (Väyrynen, 2003), there are clear intersections between these phenomena. In this chapter, we approach trafficking, and modern slavery, from the viewpoint of the broader British public debate on undocumented migration. In the most general terms, undocumented migration refers to either unlawful residence, unauthorised employment or border crossing, without valid travel documents (Vollmer, 2014). In light of increased border controls that manage migration flows worldwide, more migrants are forced to turn to the services of smugglers who facilitate their unlawful move across borders (Jesperson et al, 2019 and Chapter 1). Human trafficking and people smuggling constitute different legal categories. In reality, however, both practices often intersect, as undocumented migrants frequently engage in exploitative work during their journey in order to be able to pay for their further migratory movement.
Modern slavery and human trafficking (MSHT) can occur at different points along a migrant journey which makes individuals susceptible to exploitative work conditions and hence puts them into the category of MSHT. One of the drivers of human trafficking is the demand for cheap and illegal labour (Arlacchi, 2011). Employment without authorisation reflects a connection between low-paid work in the informal economy, exploitation and a sense of the powerlessness of undocumented migrants living in illegality (Lewis and Waite, 2019). Given that little regulation of the labour force exists in the informal economy, migrants who work in this economy may be more at risk of being exploited by unscrupulous employers. The absence of a work permit could exacerbate their disadvantaged position, for example, in cases where employers impose poor work conditions or threaten migrants with denouncing them to officials. The fear of being detected by authorities can also prevent migrants from negotiating higher incomes or better work conditions. Put differently, the ‘invisibility’ of undocumented migrants in the receiving society can enhance their vulnerability of becoming victims of potential traffickers who facilitated their entry into the destination country in the first place (Forgione, 2011). Undocumented migrants usually have little chance of being granted asylum, for example due to strict legislation, and may turn to organised crime gangs to find work (Väyrynen, 2003; also Chapter 8, this volume).
Alcohol use among adolescents in India: a systematic review
- Abhijit Nadkarni, Allison Tu, Ankur Garg, Devika Gupta, Sonal Gupta, Urvita Bhatia, Niharika Tiwari, Anna Heath, Karen Wen, Godwin Fernandes, Richard Velleman
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- Journal:
- Global Mental Health / Volume 9 / 2022
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 07 January 2022, pp. 1-25
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Background
Alcohol use is typically established during adolescence and initiation of use at a young age poses risks for short- and long-term health and social outcomes. However, there is limited understanding of the onset, progression and impact of alcohol use among adolescents in India. The aim of this review is to synthesise the evidence about prevalence, patterns and correlates of alcohol use and alcohol use disorders in adolescents from India.
MethodsSystematic review was conducted using relevant online databases, grey literature and unpublished data/outcomes from subject experts. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were developed and applied to screening rounds. Titles and abstracts were screened by two independent reviewers for eligibility, and then full texts were assessed for inclusion. Narrative synthesis of the eligible studies was conducted.
ResultsFifty-five peer-reviewed papers and one report were eligible for inclusion in this review. Prevalence of ever or lifetime alcohol consumption ranged from 3.9% to 69.8%; and prevalence of alcohol consumption at least once in the past year ranged from 10.6% to 32.9%. The mean age for initiation of drinking ranged from 14.4 to 18.3 years. Some correlates associated with alcohol consumption included being male, older age, academic difficulties, parental use of alcohol or tobacco, non-contact sexual abuse and perpetuation of violence.
ConclusionThe evidence base for alcohol use among adolescents in India needs a deeper exploration. Despite gaps in the evidence base, this synthesis provides a reasonable understanding of alcohol use among adolescents in India and can provide direction to policymakers.
Ethnic and Immigrant Variations in the Time Trends of Dementia and Parkinsonism
- Jessica J. Wong, Jeffrey C. Kwong, Karen Tu, Debra A. Butt, Andrew S. Wilton, Baiju R. Shah, Brian J. Murray, Alexander Kopp, Hong Chen
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- Journal:
- Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Volume 48 / Issue 6 / November 2021
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 12 January 2021, pp. 779-790
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Objective:
We assessed long-term incidence and prevalence trends of dementia and parkinsonism across major ethnic and immigrant groups in Ontario.
Methods:Linking administrative databases, we established two cohorts (dementia 2001–2014 and parkinsonism 2001–2015) of all residents aged 20 to 100 years with incident diagnosis of dementia (N = 387,937) or parkinsonism (N = 59,617). We calculated age- and sex-standardized incidence and prevalence of dementia and parkinsonism by immigrant status and ethnic groups (Chinese, South Asian, and the General Population). We assessed incidence and prevalence trends using Poisson regression and Cochran–Armitage trend tests.
Results:Across selected ethnic groups, dementia incidence and prevalence were higher in long-term residents than recent or longer-term immigrants from 2001 to 2014. During this period, age- and sex-standardized incidence of dementia in Chinese, South Asian, and the General Population increased, respectively, among longer-term immigrants (by 41%, 58%, and 42%) and long-term residents (28%, 7%, and 4%), and to a lesser degree among recent immigrants. The small number of cases precluded us from assessing parkinsonism incidence trends. For Chinese, South Asian, and the General Population, respectively, prevalence of dementia and parkinsonism modestly increased over time among recent immigrants but significantly increased among longer-term immigrants (dementia: 134%, 217%, and 117%; parkinsonism: 55%, 54%, and 43%) and long-term residents (dementia: 97%, 132%, and 71%; parkinsonism: 18%, 30%, and 29%). Adjustment for pre-existing conditions did not appear to explain incidence trends, except for stroke and coronary artery disease as potential drivers of dementia incidence.
Conclusion:Recent immigrants across major ethnic groups in Ontario had considerably lower rates of dementia and parkinsonism than long-term residents, but this difference diminished with longer-term immigrants.
Time Trends of the Incidence, Prevalence, and Mortality of Parkinsonism
- Jessica J. Wong, Jeffrey C. Kwong, Karen Tu, Debra A. Butt, Ray Copes, Andrew S. Wilton, Brian J. Murray, Alexander Kopp, Hong Chen
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- Journal:
- Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Volume 46 / Issue 2 / March 2019
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 28 January 2019, pp. 184-191
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Objectives: We assessed trends in the incidence, prevalence, and post-diagnosis mortality of parkinsonism in Ontario, Canada over 18 years. We also explored the influence of a range of risk factors for brain health on the trend of incident parkinsonism. Methods: We established an open cohort by linking population-based health administrative databases from 1996 to 2014 in Ontario. The study population comprised residents aged 20–100 years with an incident diagnosis of parkinsonism ascertained using a validated algorithm. We calculated age- and sex-standardized incidence, prevalence, and mortality of parkinsonism, stratified by young onset (20–39 years) and mid/late onset (≥40 years). We assessed trends in incidence using Poisson regression, mortality using negative binomial regression, and prevalence of parkinsonism and pre-existing conditions (e.g., head injury) using the Cochran–Armitage trend test. To better understand trends in the incidence of mid/late-onset parkinsonism, we adjusted for various pre-existing conditions in the Poisson regression model. Results: From 1996 to 2014, we identified 73,129 incident cases of parkinsonism (source population of ∼10.5 million), of whom 56% were male, mean age at diagnosis was 72.6 years, and 99% had mid/late-onset parkinsonism. Over 18 years, the age- and sex-standardized incidence decreased by 13.0% for mid/late-onset parkinsonism but remained unchanged for young-onset parkinsonism. The age- and sex-standardized prevalence increased by 22.8%, while post-diagnosis mortality decreased by 5.5%. Adjustment for pre-existing conditions did not appreciably explain the declining incidence of mid/late-onset parkinsonism. Conclusion: Young-onset and mid/late-onset parkinsonism exhibited differing trends in incidence over 18 years in Ontario. Further research to identify other factors that may appreciably explain trends in incident parkinsonism is warranted.